Microcontroller courses offer a comprehensive understanding of embedded systems, focusing on programming and interfacing with microcontrollers. These courses cover essential topics such as the architecture of microcontrollers, programming in C/C++ and Assembly, interfacing with sensors and actuators, and understanding communication protocols like I2C, SPI, and UART. Students also learn about real-time operating systems (RTOS) and develop hands-on skills through practical labs and projects.